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α-Hydroxy imines may also undergo rearrangement to amino ketones. Hammett analysis and a very negative entropy of activation suggest that the reaction proceeds in a single step through a concerted transition state. [9] As a result, subtle conformational and steric factors can play a role in the speed and extent of these reactions.
In organic chemistry, aldol reactions are acid- or base-catalyzed reactions of aldehydes or ketones. Aldol addition or aldolization refers to the addition of an enolate or enolation as a nucleophile to a carbonyl moiety as an electrophile. This produces a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone.
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction equation is as follows (where the Rs can be H)
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
The reaction was discovered by Teruaki Mukaiyama in 1973. [2] His choice of reactants allows for a crossed aldol reaction between an aldehyde and a ketone (>C=O), or a different aldehyde without self-condensation of the aldehyde. For this reason the reaction is used extensively in organic synthesis.
The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. [1] It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885 [ 2 ] and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907. [ 3 ]
This reaction is named after two of its pioneering investigators Rainer Ludwig Claisen and J. Gustav Schmidt, who independently published on this topic in 1880 and 1881. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] An example is the synthesis of dibenzylideneacetone ((1 E , 4 E )-1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one).
Norrish first reported the reaction in 1937. [10] Norrish type II reaction. Secondary reactions that occur are fragmentation (β-scission) to form an alkene and an enol (which will rapidly tautomerise to a carbonyl), or intramolecular recombination of the two radicals to a substituted cyclobutane (the Norrish–Yang reaction). [11]