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Pace [6] in minutes per kilometre or mile vs. slope angle resulting from Naismith's rule [7] for basal speeds of 5 and 4 km / h. [n 1] The original Naismith's rule from 1892 says that one should allow one hour per three miles on the map and an additional hour per 2000 feet of ascent. [1] [4] It is included in the last sentence of his report ...
An example of an incorrect result is provided by the NGS online utility, which returns a distance that is about 5 km too long. Vincenty suggested a method of accelerating the convergence in such cases (Rapp, 1993).
The distance along the great circle will then be s 12 = Rσ 12, where R is the assumed radius of the Earth and σ 12 is expressed in radians. Using the mean Earth radius, R = R 1 ≈ 6,371 km (3,959 mi) yields results for the distance s 12 which are within 1% of the geodesic length for the WGS84 ellipsoid; see Geodesics on an ellipsoid for details.
More importantly, the radius of curvature of a north-south line on the earth's surface is 1% greater at the poles (≈6399.594 km) than at the equator (≈6335.439 km)—so the haversine formula and law of cosines cannot be guaranteed correct to better than 0.5%.
The formulas involved can be complex and in some cases, such as in the ECEF to geodetic conversion above, the conversion has no closed-form solution and approximate methods must be used. References such as the DMA Technical Manual 8358.1 [15] and the USGS paper Map Projections: A Working Manual [16] contain formulas for conversion of map ...
The standard style for OpenStreetMap, like most Web maps, uses the Web Mercator projection. Web Mercator, Google Web Mercator, Spherical Mercator, WGS 84 Web Mercator [1] or WGS 84/Pseudo-Mercator is a variant of the Mercator map projection and is the de facto standard for Web mapping applications. It rose to prominence when Google Maps adopted ...
Check the numbers for the radius in the article and you get an Equatorial circumference of 40,075 km from a radius of 6378137.0 meters.Divide the circumference by 360 degrees and the value is 111.32 km per degree or 1669.8 miles every 15 degrees.The article comes out with false arithmetic of 1,674.4 km per 15 degrees of rotation with a ...
If the azimuthal equidistant projection map is centered about a point whose antipodal point lies on land and the map is extended to the maximum distance of 20,000 km (12,427 mi) the antipode point smears into a large circle. This is shown in the example of two maps centered about Los Angeles, and Taipei.