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The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.
In English grammar, the pluperfect (e.g. "had written") is now usually called the past perfect, since it combines past tense with perfect aspect. (The same term is sometimes used in relation to the grammar of other languages.) English also has a past perfect progressive (or past perfect continuous) form: "had been writing".
My father has been to Japan. (he has visited Japan at some time in his life) My father has been in Japan for three weeks. (he is still there) When I returned, John had gone to the shops. (he was out of the house) By the time I returned, John had gone to the shops three times. (he may or may not still be there) When I returned, John had been to ...
The base form or plain form of an English verb is not marked by any inflectional ending.. Certain derivational suffixes are frequently used to form verbs, such as -en (sharpen), -ate (formulate), -fy (electrify), and -ise/ize (realise/realize), but verbs with those suffixes are nonetheless considered to be base-form verbs.
might have mine’s: mine is mustn’t: must not mustn’t’ve: must not have must’ve: must have ’neath (informal) beneath needn’t: need not nal (informal) and all ne’er (informal) never no one's: no one has / no one is nothing's: nothing has / nothing is o’clock: of the clock o’er: over ol’ old ought’ve: ought have oughtn’t ...
The verb have, which is pronounced with an /æ/ sound, has a contracted third person present indicative form: has /hæz/ (weak pronunciation /həz/). This is formed similarly to the verb's past tense had. The verb say displays vowel shortening in the third person present indicative (although the spelling is regular): says /sɛz/.