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Māori cultural history intertwines inextricably with the culture of Polynesia as a whole. The New Zealand archipelago forms the southwestern corner of the Polynesian Triangle, a major part of the Pacific Ocean with three island groups at its corners: the Hawaiian Islands, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), and New Zealand (Aotearoa in te reo Māori). [10]
The Māori word Hawaiki figures in traditions about the arrival of the Māori in Aotearoa, present day New Zealand. The same concept appears in other Polynesian cultures, the name appearing variously as Havaiki , Havaiʻi , or ʻAvaiki in other Polynesian languages .
Māori writer Hare Hongi (Henry Stowell) used macrons in his Maori-English Tutor and Vade Mecum of 1911, [97] as does Sir Āpirana Ngata (albeit inconsistently) in his Maori Grammar and Conversation (7th printing 1953). Once the Māori language was taught in universities in the 1960s, vowel-length marking was made systematic.
The group of people performing a haka is referred to as a kapa haka (kapa meaning group or team, and also rank or row). [14] The Māori word haka has cognates in other Polynesian languages, for example: Samoan saʻa (), Tokelauan haka, Rarotongan ʻaka, Hawaiian haʻa, Marquesan haka, meaning 'to be short-legged' or 'dance'; all from Proto-Polynesian saka, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian sakaŋ ...
Immediate changes could be noticed in Hawaiian culture and daily life. Many of the missionaries developed negative opinions about Hawaiian culture. [14] After the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom there were many attempts to extinguish Hawaiian language and culture during the early 20th century. Hula, Hawaiian, paddling, and music were all ...
In the late 18th century, Hawaii underwent a series of wars in which Maui changed hands multiple times, and which culminated with the unification of the Hawaiian islands. Sometime around the time of Captain Cook's first visit, King Kalaniʻōpuʻu of Hawaii briefly conquered Maui's Hana District from King Kahekili II, but was pushed out around ...
In tandem with calls for sovereignty and for the righting of social injustices from the 1970s onwards, New Zealand schools now teach Māori culture and language as an option, and pre-school kohanga reo ("language-nests") have started, which teach tamariki (young children) exclusively in Māori.
Hawaiian culture was introduced into Hawaiʻi's public schools, teaching Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula, and Hawaiian language. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to teach Hawaiian history to all their students. Many aspects of Hawaiian culture were commercialized to appeal to visitors from around the world. [21] This ...