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A circle with 1st-order contact (tangent) A circle with 2nd-order contact (osculating) A circle with 3rd-order contact at a vertex of a curve. For each point S(t) on a smooth plane curve S, there is exactly one osculating circle, whose radius is the reciprocal of κ(t), the curvature of S at t.
Examples of osculating curves of different orders include: The tangent line to a curve C at a point p, the osculating curve from the family of straight lines. The tangent line shares its first derivative with C and therefore has first-order contact with C. [1] [2] [4] The osculating circle to C at p, the osculating curve from the family of circles.
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the third derivative or third-order derivative is the rate at which the second derivative, or the rate of change of the rate of change, is changing. The third derivative of a function y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} can be denoted by
The circle with center at Q and with radius R is called the osculating circle to the curve γ at the point P. If C is a regular space curve then the osculating circle is defined in a similar way, using the principal normal vector N. It lies in the osculating plane, the plane spanned by the tangent and principal normal vectors T and N at the ...
As a circle has a clockwise order and a counterclockwise order, any set with a cyclic order has two senses. A bijection of the set that preserves the order is called an ordered correspondence . If the sense is maintained as before, it is a direct correspondence , otherwise it is called an opposite correspondence . [ 10 ]
For example, the first derivative with a third-order accuracy and the second derivative with a second-order accuracy are ... Example, for = ,,,,], order of ...
Chord diagrams are conventionally visualized by arranging the objects in their order around a circle, and drawing the pairs of the matching as chords of the circle. The number of different chord diagrams that may be given for a set of 2 n {\displaystyle 2n} cyclically ordered objects is the double factorial ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! {\displaystyle (2n ...
A famous example is the recurrence for the Fibonacci numbers, = + where the order is two and the linear function merely adds the two previous terms. This example is a linear recurrence with constant coefficients , because the coefficients of the linear function (1 and 1) are constants that do not depend on n . {\displaystyle n.}