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The air mass coefficient can be used to help characterize the solar spectrum after solar radiation has traveled through the atmosphere. The air mass coefficient is commonly used to characterize the performance of solar cells under standardized conditions, and is often referred to using the syntax "AM" followed by a number.
Air mass can be less than one at an elevation greater than sea level; however, most closed-form expressions for air mass do not include the effects of the observer's elevation, so adjustment must usually be accomplished by other means. Tables of air mass have been published by numerous authors, including Bemporad (1904), Allen (1973), [1] and ...
The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg." Tabulated properties Physical and thermal properties of air at atmospheric pressure [ 39 ] : 602 [ 40 ]
Air is given a vapour density of one. For this use, air has a molecular weight of 28.97 atomic mass units, and all other gas and vapour molecular weights are divided by this number to derive their vapour density. [2] For example, acetone has a vapour density of 2 [3] in relation to air. That means acetone vapour is twice as heavy as air.
is the molar mass of dry air, approximately 0.028 9652 in kg⋅mol −1. [note 1] is the Boltzmann constant, 1.380 649 × 10 −23 in J⋅K −1 [note 1] is the molecular mass of dry air, approximately 4.81 × 10 −26 in kg. [note 1]
Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation [citation needed] +13 kPa +1.9 psi High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes [48] < +16 kPa +2.3 psi Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) (gauge pressure) [44] +19.3 kPa +2.8 psi
This means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. At the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original derivation is for the Sun) matches the observed total energy emitted. [citation needed] [clarification needed]
Total mass–energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy [342] [343] 1.4×10 59 J Mass-energy of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), ~0.8 trillion solar masses. [344] [345] 10 62 1–2×10 62 J: Total mass–energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way [346] 10 70: ...