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Found worldwide, it causes a so-called "benign malaria", not nearly as dangerous as that produced by P. falciparum or P. vivax. The signs include fevers that recur at approximately three-day intervals – a quartan fever or quartan malaria – longer than the two-day (tertian) intervals of the other malarial parasite.
While none of the main four species of malaria parasite that cause human infections are known to have animal reservoirs, [360] P. knowlesi is known to infect both humans and non-human primates. [52] Other non-human primate malarias (particularly P. cynomolgi and P. simium) have also been found to have spilled over into humans. [361]
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. [2] Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death, often due to splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen).
Artemisinin (/ ˌ ɑːr t ɪ ˈ m iː s ɪ n ɪ n /) and its semisynthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. [1] It was discovered in 1972 by Tu Youyou, who shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery. [2]
It is the only known drug to cure both relapsing malaria infections and acute cases. The mechanism of action is not fully understood but it is thought to block oxidative metabolism in Plasmodia. It can also be combined with methylene blue. [16] For the prevention of relapse in P. vivax and P. ovale 0.15 mg/kg should be given for 14 days.
In general, antimalarial drugs target the life stages of Plasmodium parasites that reside within vertebrate red blood cells, as these are the stages that tend to cause disease. [34] However, drugs targeting other stages of the parasite life cycle are under development in order to prevent infection in travelers and to prevent transmission of ...
Cantharidin is known to cause hematemesis (vomiting of blood) and gross hematuria (blood visible in urine). It can also cause dysuria (pain while urinating). Priapism.
The female Anopheles mosquito is a vector which transmits quartan fever to people. Mature mosquitoes carry uninucleate sporozoites in their salivary glands; these sporozoites enter a human's bloodstream when mosquitoes puncture human flesh during feeding.