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[2] [3] [4] Modeling the probability of financial ruin as a first passage time was an early application in the field of insurance. [5] An interest in the mathematical properties of first-hitting-times and statistical models and methods for analysis of survival data appeared steadily between the middle and end of the 20th century.
The mean first passage time from node i to node j is the expected number of steps it takes for the process to reach node j from node i for the first time: (,) = = (,,) where P(i,j,r) denotes the probability that it takes exactly r steps to reach j from i for the first time.
This is the smallest time after the initial time t 0 that y(t) is equal to one of the critical values forming the boundary of the interval, assuming y 0 is within the interval. Because y(t) proceeds randomly from its initial value to the boundary, τ(y 0) is itself a random variable. The mean of τ(y 0) is the residence time, [1] [2]
The first exit time (from A) is defined to be the first hit time for S \ A, the complement of A in S. Confusingly, this is also often denoted by τ A. [1] The first return time is defined to be the first hit time for the singleton set {X 0 (ω)}, which is usually a given deterministic element of the state space, such as the origin of the ...
First passage percolation is one of the most classical areas of probability theory. It was first introduced by John Hammersley and Dominic Welsh in 1965 as a model of fluid flow in a porous media. [1] It is part of percolation theory, and classical Bernoulli percolation can be viewed as a subset of first passage percolation.
The average number of steps it performs is r 2. [citation needed] This fact is the discrete version of the fact that a Wiener process walk is a fractal of Hausdorff dimension 2. [citation needed] In two dimensions, the average number of points the same random walk has on the boundary of its trajectory is r 4/3.
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Consider a system S in the form of a closed domain of finite volume in the Euclidean space.Further, consider the situation where there is a stream of ”equivalent” particles into S (number of particles per time unit) where each particle retains its identity while being in S and eventually – after a finite time – leaves the system irreversibly (i.e., for these particles the system is ...