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In 1993 the first C57BL/6 gene targeted knockout mouse was published by a group at Hoffmann-La Roche in Switzerland. [10] In 2013 C57BL/6 mice were flown into space aboard Bion-M No.1. [11] In 2015 C57BL/6NTac females provided by Taconic Biosciences were sent to the International Space Station on SpaceX CRS-6. [12]
The increase served as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of anti-CTLA-4 treatment. In wild-type C57BL/6 mice, anti-CTLA-4 treatment resulted in tumor rejection in 80 to 90% of subjects, but in gene-targeted mice that were deficient for either ICOS or its ligand , the efficacy was less than 50%. An agonistic stimulus for the ICOS pathway during anti ...
MHC-based sexual selection is known to involve olfactory mechanisms in such vertebrate taxa as fish, mice, humans, primates, birds, and reptiles. [1] At its simplest level, humans have long been acquainted with the sense of olfaction for its use in determining the pleasantness or the unpleasantness of one's resources, food, etc.
The first descriptions of the MHC were made by British immunologist Peter Gorer in 1936. [7] MHC genes were first identified in inbred mice strains. Clarence Little transplanted tumors across different strains and found rejection of transplanted tumors according to strains of host versus donor. [8]
Unlike most laboratory mouse strains, the C57BL/6 drinks alcoholic beverages voluntarily. It is more susceptible than average to morphine addiction, atherosclerosis, and age-related hearing loss. [11] When compared directly to BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice also express both a robust response to social rewards [43] [44] and empathy. [45]
For reasons of reproducibility, genetically characterized, stable strains like C57BL/6 were chosen to produce high-resolution images and databases. [1] Well known online resources include: Allen Brain Atlas [2] Mouse Brain Library [3] High resolution mouse brain atlas; BrainMaps. High-Resolution Brain Maps and Brain Atlases of Mus musculus
Non-classical MHC class I genes are very often located on the same chromosome (mice chromosome 17, human chromosome 6) and interspaced within the same loci as the classical MHC genes. MR1 is located on another chromosome, the detailed gene analysis revealed that MR1 is a paralog originated by duplication of MHC locus on chromosome 17 (mice).
Peptides that fail to bind MHC class I molecules in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are removed from the ER via the sec61 channel into the cytosol, [16] [17] where they might undergo further trimming in size, and might be translocated by TAP back into ER for binding to a MHC class I molecule.