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  2. Income distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_distribution

    In economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population. [1] Economic theory and economic policy have long seen income and its distribution as a central concern. Unequal distribution of income causes economic inequality which is a concern in almost all countries around the world. [2] [3]

  3. Modal logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic

    The commonly employed system S5 simply makes all modal truths necessary. For example, if p is possible, then it is "necessary" that p is possible. Also, if p is necessary, then it is necessary that p is necessary. Other systems of modal logic have been formulated, in part because S5 does not describe every kind of modality of interest.

  4. Problem of future contingents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents

    What exactly al-Farabi posited on the question of future contingents is contentious. Nicholas Rescher argues that al-Farabi's position is that the truth value of future contingents is already distributed in an "indefinite way", whereas Fritz Zimmerman argues that al-Farabi endorsed Aristotle's solution that the truth value of future contingents has not been distributed yet. [3]

  5. Distribution (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(economics)

    In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital). [1] In general theory and in for example the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts , each unit of output corresponds to a unit of income.

  6. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    One can also say S is a sufficient condition for N (refer again to the third column of the truth table immediately below). If the conditional statement is true, then if S is true, N must be true; whereas if the conditional statement is true and N is true, then S may be true or be false. In common terms, "the truth of S guarantees the truth of N ...

  7. Lorenz curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_curve

    The Lorenz curve is a probability plot (a P–P plot) comparing the distribution of a variable against a hypothetical uniform distribution of that variable. It can usually be represented by a function L ( F ), where F , the cumulative portion of the population, is represented by the horizontal axis, and L , the cumulative portion of the total ...

  8. The Elephant Curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_Curve

    The x axis of the graph shows the percentiles of the global income distribution. The y axis shows the cumulative growth rate percentage of income. [1] The main conclusion that can be drawn from the graph is that the global top 1% experienced around a 60% increase in income, whereas the income of the global middle increased 70 to 80%.

  9. Income inequality metrics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics

    Income distribution has always been a central concern of economic theory and economic policy. Classical economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is, the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labour and capital.