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In the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire faced threats on numerous frontiers from multiple industrialised European powers. [1] In response, the Empire initiated a period of internal reform to centralize and standardise governance across its interconnected provinces, attempting to bring itself into competition with the expanding West.
The new reforms called for an almost complete reconstruction of public life in the Ottoman Empire. Under the reconstruction, a system of state schools was established to produce government clerics. Ottomans were encouraged to enroll.
The Ottoman monarchy was abolished by the Ankara Government, but its traditions and cultural symbols remained active among the people (though less so among the elite). On 1 November 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly and Sultan Mehmed VI departed the country.
These reforms included [53] guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour and property; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840) and opening of the first post offices (1840); the reorganisation of the finance system according to the French model (1840); the reorganisation of the Civil and ...
At the time of the edict, millets (independent communal law-courts) had gained a large amount of religious autonomy within the empire, threatening the central government. This edict, along with the subsequent Imperial Reform Edict of 1856, was therefore an early step towards the empire's goal of Ottomanism , or a unified national and legal ...
Ottoman constitution of 1876 French translation of the edict, in Législation ottomane Volume 2, written by François Belin. The Imperial Reform Edict (Ottoman Turkish: اصلاحات خط همايونى, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu; Modern Turkish: Islâhat Fermânı) [1] was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms.
The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03018-9. Reprinted in 2000 as The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-815-62861-7. Somel, Selçuk Akşin (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, Scarecrow Press.
A new government, so called the "Great cabinet", was formed by Ahmet Muhtar Pasha. The members of the government were prestigious statesmen, technocrat government, and they easily received the vote of confidence. The CUP excluded from cabinet posts. [9]: 101 The Ottoman Aviation Squadrons established by largely under French guidance in 1912. [15]