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In the philosophy of science, evidence is material that confirms or disconfirms scientific hypotheses, acting as a neutral arbiter between competing theories. Measurements of Mercury's "anomalous" orbit , for example, are seen as evidence that confirms Einstein 's theory of general relativity .
The concept of evidence is of central importance in epistemology and in philosophy of science but plays different roles in these two fields. [1] [2] In epistemology, evidence is what justifies beliefs or what determines whether holding a certain doxastic attitude is rational.
This WikiProject needs attention from an expert in philosophy. The specific problem is: the article does not provide an adequate portrayal of the philosophical literature on this issue. See the talk page for details.
Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.
In some areas of epistemology and theology, the notion of justification plays approximately the role of proof, [9] while in jurisprudence the corresponding term is evidence, [10] with "burden of proof" as a concept common to both philosophy and law. In most disciplines, evidence is required to prove something.
In everyday language, the word evidence is used to signify a special sort of relation between a state of affairs and a proposition: State A is evidence for the proposition "A is true." In phenomenology, however, the concept of evidence is meant to signify the "subjective achievement of truth."
Posterior analytics (a posteriori) is about inductive logic, which comes from observational evidence. Both terms appear in Euclid's Elements and were popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, an influential work in the history of philosophy. [1] Both terms are primarily used as modifiers to the noun knowledge (e.g., a priori ...
Carl Sagan proposed a related criterion – "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" – which is known as the Sagan standard. [ 2 ] While certain kinds of arguments, such as logical syllogisms , require mathematical or strictly logical proofs , the standard for evidence to meet the burden of proof is usually determined by context ...