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Austenitic stainless steels are the most common choice for high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum systems. Not all alloys are suitable; e.g. the free-machining 303 steel contains sulfur, which tends to outgas. Alloys with good weldability under argon arc welding are usually chosen. 304 stainless steel is a common choice of a stainless steel.
A thermal vacuum chamber (TVAC) is a vacuum chamber in which the radiative thermal environment is controlled. Typically the thermal environment is achieved by passing liquids or fluids through thermal shrouds for cold temperatures or through the application of thermal lamps for high temperatures .
Ultra-high vacuum (often spelled ultrahigh in American English, UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 1 × 10 −6 pascals (1.0 × 10 −8 mbar; 7.5 × 10 −9 Torr). UHV conditions are created by pumping the gas out of a UHV chamber.
Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10 −12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm 3. [4] Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average in intergalactic space.
Evaporative deposition: the material to be deposited is heated to a high vapor pressure by electrical resistance heating in "high" vacuum. [4] [5] Close-space sublimation, the material, and substrate are placed close to one another and radiatively heated. Pulsed laser deposition: a high-power laser ablates material from the target into a vapor.
A vacuum chamber is a rigid enclosure from which air and other gases are removed by a vacuum pump. This results in a low- pressure environment within the chamber, commonly referred to as a vacuum . A vacuum environment allows researchers to conduct physical experiments or to test mechanical devices which must operate in outer space (for example ...
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