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According to Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, this text's central mantra, known as the Hare Krishna, or Mahā ("Great"), Mantra, was given in the 16th century to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu at his initiation in Gaya (though the Sanskrit mantra is absent from his biographies). [3] This mantra, presented in two lines, contains the words Hare, Rama, and Krishna.
This mantra is composed of three Sanskrit names – "Krishna", "Rama", and "Hare". [2] [3] [4] Since the 1960s, the mantra has been widely known outside India through A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and his movement, International Society for Krishna Consciousness (commonly known as the Hare Krishnas or the Hare Krishna movement). [5]
Gantakarana Mantra Stotra is a Sanskrit text associated with him which has 71 verses and is used as a mantra as well as hymn. It was composed in later half of the 16th century by a little known Jain monk Vimalachandra who was a disciple of Sakalachandra, a disciple of Tapa Gaccha monk Hiravijaya Suri. There are other Gantakarna Mantras as well. [1]
A mantra (Pali: mantra) or mantram (Devanagari: मन्त्रम्) [1] is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word or phonemes, or group of words (most often in an Indo-Iranian language like Sanskrit or Avestan) believed by practitioners to have religious, magical or spiritual powers.
Dhumavati is sometimes regarded as an older form of Kali, in which she represents timelessness and unmanifest life-force. [32] Another tradition identifies Dhumavati with Smashana-kali, "Kali who lives in the cremation ground." [35] She is considered a terrible aspect of the Goddess and included among the Kalikula ("family of Kali") goddesses. [36]
Mantras are all enshrined in Vedic literature. These are various to the four yugas, and the Hare Krishna mahamantra is to kali yuga. [1] The Hare Krishna mantra is composed with the three names of the supreme power: Hare, Krishna, and Rama. [2] [3] [4]
The Savitri Upanishad (Sanskrit: सावित्री उपनिषत्), or Savitryupanishad, is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. It is attached to the Samaveda, and one of the Samanya Upanishads. [2] The text title is related to the Hindu Sun god.
Bhadrakali (IAST: Bhadrakālī; lit. ' auspicious Kali ' [2]) is an important Hindu goddess, a form of Kali.She is considered to be the auspicious and fortunate form of Adi Shakti or Durga, the supreme mother who protects the good, known as Bhadra or Bhadra Bhagavathy.