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The G:U cWW non-canonical base pairs are seen very frequently within double helical regions as this base pair is nearly isosteric to the other canonical ones. [74] Due to complication of strand direction, as elaborated in the Classification section ( Table 1 ), not all types of non-canonical base pairs can be accommodated within double helical ...
Lysine. Technically, any organic compound with an amine (–NH 2) and a carboxylic acid (–COOH) functional group is an amino acid. The proteinogenic amino acids are a small subset of this group that possess a central carbon atom (α- or 2-) bearing an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain and an α-hydrogen levo conformation, with the exception of glycine, which is achiral, and proline ...
Non-classical isosteres do not obey the above classifications, but they still produce similar biological effects in vivo. Non-classical isosteres may be made up of similar atoms, but their structures do not follow an easily definable set of rules. The isostere concept was formulated by Irving Langmuir in 1919, [3] and later modified by Grimm.
Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors (mostly point mutations) in DNA replication and DNA transcription. This is due to their isosteric chemistry.
Alloxanthine is considered a non-classical bioisostere because of the scaffold change. Silafluofen is an isostere of pyrethroid insecticides. Silafluofen is an organosilicon analogue of pyrethroid insecticide Etofenprox , wherein a carbon center has been replaced by isosteric silicon, and in addition, one hydrogen atom is replaced by isosteric ...
It is difficult to choose a canonical rule in this case. "Natural" is a well-defined mathematical notion, but it does not ensure uniqueness. "Canonical" does, but generally is more or less conventional. A consistent choice of canonical equivalences is an inevitable component of equivalent definitions of mathematical structures.
The canonical ensemble is the only ensemble with constant N, V, and T that reproduces the fundamental thermodynamic relation. [9] Statistical equilibrium (steady state): A canonical ensemble does not evolve over time, despite the fact that the underlying system is in constant motion. This is because the ensemble is only a function of a ...
The set of position and momentum coordinates (,) are called canonical coordinates. (See Hamiltonian mechanics for more background.) The time evolution of Hamilton's equations is a symplectomorphism, meaning that it conserves the symplectic 2-form. A numerical scheme is a symplectic integrator if it also conserves this 2-form.