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Simplified model for powering a load with resistance R L by a source with voltage V S and resistance R S.. The theorem was originally misunderstood (notably by Joule [4]) to imply that a system consisting of an electric motor driven by a battery could not be more than 50% efficient, since the power dissipated as heat in the battery would always be equal to the power delivered to the motor when ...
For example, if we use an input resistance to represent the load, the complete circuit looks like this: The input resistance of the load stands in series with Rs. Whereas the voltage source by itself was an open circuit, adding the load makes a closed circuit and allows charge to flow.
Nonetheless, it is often the case that such a circuit will provide adequate performance when the specified current and load resistance are small. For example, a 5 V voltage source in series with a 4.7 kΩ resistor will provide an approximately constant current of 1 mA ± 5% to a load resistance in the range of 50 to 450 Ω.
The load line diagram at right is for a resistive load in a common emitter circuit. The load line shows how the collector load resistor (R L) constrains the circuit voltage and current. The diagram also plots the transistor's collector current I C versus collector voltage V CE for different values of base current I base.
The current-follower stage presents a load to the common-source stage that is very small, namely the input resistance of the current follower (R L ≈ 1 / g m ≈ V ov / (2I D) ; see common gate). Small R L reduces C M. [2] The article on the common-emitter amplifier discusses other solutions to this problem.
Representation of a lumped model consisting of a voltage source and a resistor. The lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) is a simplified representation of a physical system or circuit that assumes all components are concentrated at a single point and their behavior can be described by idealized mathematical models.
A typical one-line diagram with annotated power flows. Red boxes represent circuit breakers, grey lines represent three-phase bus and interconnecting conductors, the orange circle represents an electric generator, the green spiral is an inductor, and the three overlapping blue circles represent a double-wound transformer with a tertiary winding.
Negative resistance (voltage controlled) oscillator: Since VCNR ("N" type) devices require a low impedance bias and are stable for load impedances less than r, [103] the ideal oscillator circuit for this device has the form shown at top right, with a voltage source V bias to bias the device into its negative resistance region, and parallel ...