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The data on exchange rate for Japanese Yen is in per 100 Yen. The end year rate for 1998–99 pertain to March 26, 1999 of Deutsche Mark rate. Data from 1971 to 1991–92 are based on official exchange rates. Data from 1992 to 1993 onward are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates.
Fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates, and international trade dynamics can affect reserves. High reserves provide a buffer against external shocks and ensure economic stability. [208] Reserves help the RBI manage the exchange rate of the Indian rupee.
There was a further decline during the remainder of 2008, most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all-time low at €1.0219, while its US dollar rate depreciated. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Sterling appreciated in early 2009, reaching a peak against the euro of £1 to €1.17 in mid-July.
Per Forbes (April 2024) [1]; Rank Rank per capita Country/Territory Billionaires Rate - World 2,781: 0.343 1 11 United States 813: 2.420 2 53 China 406: 0.288 3 58 India 200: 0.144
The £ grapheme in a selection of fonts The pound sign (£) is the symbol for the pound unit of sterling – the currency of the United Kingdom and its associated Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories and previously of Great Britain and of the Kingdom of England.
In 1966, the Indian rupee was devaluated by 57% against United States dollar, which also led to the depreciation of the sterling. [96] Five years later, when the Bretton Woods system was suspended, India initially announced that it will maintain a fixed rate of $1 to INR 7.50 and leave the sterling under a floating regime. [97]
The rise in unemployment coincided with the early 1980s global recession, after which UK GDP did not reach its pre-recession rate until 1983. In spite of this, Thatcher was re-elected in June 1983 with a landslide majority. Inflation had fallen to 3.7%, while interest rates were relatively high at 9.56%. [73]
India was forced to sell dollars to the extent of close to US$35 billion in the spot markets in Financial Year 2009 due to 22% depreciation in rupee (against the dollar) in the same fiscal year 2009. In 2009, India purchased 200 tonnes of gold from the International Monetary Fund, worth US$6.7bn (€4.57bn, £4.10bn). [15]