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Left: European style Denier with Holy Sepulchre (1162–1175). Centre: Kufic gold bezant (1140–1180). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s) The crusader states were economic centres obstructing Muslim trade by sea with the west Europe, [clarification needed] and by land with Mesopotamia, Syria and the urban economies of the Nile ...
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
Crusades include the traditional numbered crusades and other conflicts that prominent historians have identified as crusades. The scope of the term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land.
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
The Northern Crusades [1] or Baltic Crusades [2] were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. The most notable campaigns were the Livonian and Prussian crusades.
Map of the First Crusade. The Templar Trail pilgrimage route recreates, as much as possible given Middle Eastern conflict, the journey followed during the First Crusade in 1096 by Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and his 40,000 troops from France to capture the city of Jerusalem. It stretches across eleven countries and two continents.
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-04844-6. Spencer, Stephen J. "The Third Crusade in historiographical perspective" History Compass (June 2021) vol 19#7 online; Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the ...
Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. [6] A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock. [7]