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In the adult stage, amphibians (especially frogs) lose their gills and develop lungs. They have a heart that consists of a single ventricle and two atria. When the ventricle starts contracting, deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Continued contraction then pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body.
Ribs are generally absent, so the lungs are filled by buccal pumping and a frog deprived of its lungs can maintain its body functions without them. [69] The fully aquatic Bornean flat-headed frog (Barbourula kalimantanensis) is the first frog known to lack lungs entirely. [72] Frogs have three-chambered hearts, a feature they share with lizards.
A lymph heart is an organ which pumps lymph in lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, and flightless birds back into the circulatory system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In some amphibian species, lymph hearts are in pairs, and may number as many as 200 in one animal the size of a worm , while newts and salamanders have as many as 16 to 23 pairs of lymph hearts.
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In 1852 H.F. Stannius experimented on the heart. By tying a ligature as a constriction between the sinus venosus and the atrium in the frog and also one around the atrioventricular groove, Stannius was able to demonstrate that the muscle tissues of the atria and ventricles have independent and spontaneous rhythms.
[100] [101] Lungs and swim bladders are homologous (descended from a common ancestral form) as is the case for the pulmonary artery (which delivers de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs) and the arteries that supply swim bladders. [102] Air was introduced into the lungs by a process known as buccal pumping. [103] [104]
A fully distended vocal sac in an Australian red-eyed tree frog (Litoria chloris) Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia) with an inflated vocal sac. The vocal sac is the flexible membrane of skin possessed by most male frogs and toads. The purpose of the vocal sac is usually as an amplification of their mating or advertisement call.
Warty frog species tend to be called toads, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from taxonomy or evolutionary history. An adult frog has a stout body, protruding eyes , anteriorly-attached tongue , limbs folded underneath, and no tail (the tail of tailed frogs is an extension of the male cloaca).