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Examples include lichen planus, lichen sclerosus and lichen nitidus. It can also be associated with abrasion or drug use. [ 2 ] It has been observed in conjunction with the use of proton pump inhibitors , and might be a sign and/or symptom of lupus such as subacute cutaneous lupus erythematous , according to the case reports and reviews.
Lichen planus may be categorized as affecting mucosal or cutaneous surfaces.. Cutaneous forms are those affecting the skin, scalp, and nails. [10] [11] [12]Mucosal forms are those affecting the lining of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, anus), larynx, and other mucosal surfaces including the genitals, peritoneum, ears, nose, bladder and conjunctiva of the eyes.
It was in 1869 that Simon Schwendener demonstrated that all lichens were the result of fungal attack on the cells of algal cells and that all these algae also exist free in nature. This researcher was the first to recognise the dual nature of lichens as a result of the capture of the algal component by the fungal component. [ 19 ]
The IAL has established various committees to address specific aspects of lichenology. The Lichen Terminology Committee, for instance, was responsible for developing an IAL-approved definition of a lichen: "A lichen is an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a stable thallus of specific structure". [3]
The clinical examination of the skin is used to diagnose and distinguish between the various forms of pityriasis lichenoides. For pityriasis lichenoides, a skin biopsy followed by a histopathologic examination is a confirmatory procedure.
Wickham striae or Wickham's striae are whitish lines visible in the papules of lichen planus and other dermatoses, typically in the oral mucosa. [1] The microscopic appearance shows hypergranulosis. They are named after Louis Frédéric Wickham. [2] [3]
More than one stub template may be used, if necessary, though no more than four should be used on any article. Place a stub template at the very end of the article, after the "External links" section, any navigation templates, and the category tags. As usual, templates are added by including their name inside double braces, e.g. {{Lichen-stub}}.