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An elevated level of stress during pregnancy leads to notorious pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and mental health problems for the mother. Prolonged effects of chronic stressors such as discrimination, intimate partner violence, housing issues, and poverty lead to widespread maternal health issues and adverse ...
Physical demands can include bending, lifting, and standing. Physical demands are considered a reproductive toxicant as they can increase the risk of adverse outcomes during pregnancy. [54] Bending, lifting, and standing are often associated with occupational responsibilities as the risk is minimal unless physical activity is prolonged. [54]
During pregnancy IPV can have disastrous maternal and fetal outcomes, and it has been found that between 3% and 9% of pregnant women experience IPV. [40] Maternal adverse outcomes include delayed or insufficient prenatal case, poor weight gain, and an increase in nicotine, alcohol and substance abuse.
High doses of caffeine intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage [48] and some major negative pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth or low birth weight. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] A 2020 review called into question the safe levels proposed by the European Food Safety Authority, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ...
A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. No concrete guidelines currently exist for distinguishing “high-risk” pregnancies from “low-risk” pregnancies; however, there are certain studied conditions that have been shown to put the mother or fetus at a higher risk of poor outcomes. [1]
The human placenta does not have a microbiome and placental bacterial infection is not a common cause of adverse pregnancy outcome; however, the placenta is a potential site of perinatal acquisition of S. agalactiae (group B Streptococcus), a major cause of neonatal sepsis. [19]
The most recent published research on DES daughters' adverse health outcomes documented by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) appears in the October 6, 2011 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine under the authorship of RN Hoover et al., and lists these adverse effects and risk factors: Cumulative risks in women exposed to DES, as ...
This is a shortened version of the eleventh chapter of the ICD-9: Complications of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium. It covers ICD codes 630 to 679 . The full chapter can be found on pages 355 to 378 of Volume 1, which contains all (sub)categories of the ICD-9.