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Only volume holograms can be used to make reflection holograms, as only a very low intensity diffracted beam would be reflected by a thin hologram. Examples of full-color reflection holograms of mineral specimens:
The hologram keeps the information on the amplitude and phase of the field. Several holograms may keep information about the same distribution of light, emitted to various directions. The numerical analysis of such holograms allows one to emulate large numerical aperture, which, in turn, enables enhancement of the resolution of optical microscopy.
Electron holography is holography with electron matter waves.It was invented by Dennis Gabor in 1948 when he tried to improve image resolution in electron microscope. [1] The first attempts to perform holography with electron waves were made by Haine and Mulvey in 1952; [2] they recorded holograms of zinc oxide crystals with 60 keV electrons, demonstrating reconstructions with approximately 1 ...
Mineralogy applies principles of chemistry, geology, physics and materials science to the study of minerals. Mineralogy[n 1] is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy ...
Optical mineralogy. A petrographic microscope, which is an optical microscope fitted with cross- polarizing lenses, a conoscopic lens, and compensators (plates of anisotropic materials; gypsum plates and quartz wedges are common), for crystallographic analysis. Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical ...
Optical properties of common minerals Name Crystal system Indicatrix Optical sign Birefringence Color in plain polars Anorthite: Triclinic: Biaxial (-) 0.013
Unlike conventional wavefront holograms, specular holograms do not depend on wave optics, photographic media, or lasers. The principle of operation is purely one of geometric optics: A point light source produces a glint on a curved specular (shiny) surface; this glint appears to travel on the surface as the eye or light source moves.
The rainbow hologram (also known as Benton hologram) is a type of hologram that was invented in 1968 by Dr. Stephen A. Benton at Polaroid Corporation (later MIT). [ 1 ] Rainbow holograms are designed to be viewed under white light illumination, rather than laser light which was required before this. The rainbow holography recording process uses ...