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In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.
The important sulfur cycle is a biogeochemical cycle in which the sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems. It is important in geology as it affects many minerals and in life because sulfur is an essential element (), being a constituent of many proteins and cofactors, and sulfur compounds can be used as oxidants or reductants in microbial respiration. [1]
Sulfur reduction metabolism is an ancient process, found in the deep branches of the phylogenetic tree. [15] Sulfur reduction uses elemental sulfur (S 0) and generates hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) as the main end product. This metabolism is largely present in extreme environments where, especially in recent years, many microorganisms have been ...
Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis is a form of chemosynthesis which uses hydrogen sulfide. [1] It is common in hydrothermal vent microbial communities [2][3] Due to the lack of light in these environments this is predominant over photosynthesis [4] Giant tube worms use bacteria in their trophosome to fix carbon dioxide (using hydrogen sulfide as ...
Sulfur metabolism. Sulfur is metabolized by all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. Sulfur can have an oxidation state from -2 to +6 and is reduced or oxidized by a diverse range of organisms. [1] The element is present in proteins, sulfate esters of polysaccharides, steroids, phenols, and sulfur-containing coenzymes.
The biosynthesis of glutamate and glutamine is a key step in the nitrogen assimilation discussed above. The enzymes GOGAT and GDH catalyze the nitrogen assimilation reactions. In bacteria, the enzyme glutamate 5-kinase initiates the biosynthesis of proline by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto glutamate.
Purple bacteria grown in Winogradsky column. Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis. [1] They are pigmented with bacteriochlorophyll a or b, together with various carotenoids, which give them colours ranging between purple ...
Sulfur assimilation is the process by which living organisms incorporate sulfur into their biological molecules. [1] In plants, sulfate is absorbed by the roots and then transported to the chloroplasts by the transipration stream where the sulfur are reduced to sulfide with the help of a series of enzymatic reactions.