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In the liver, ethanol is converted into acetyl CoA by a two step process. In the first step, ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. In the second step, the acetaldehyde is converted to acetyl CoA by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde is more toxic than alcohol and is responsible for many hangover symptoms. [5]
At high glucose levels, acetyl-CoA is produced through glycolysis. [14] Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation in which it loses its carboxyl group (as carbon dioxide) to form acetyl-CoA, giving off 33.5 kJ/mol of energy. The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.
d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...
Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) or Acetate—CoA ligase is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.1) involved in metabolism of acetate. It is in the ligase class of enzymes, meaning that it catalyzes the formation of a new chemical bond between two large molecules.
Ketones are needed as fatty acids cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, blood glucose levels are low and glycogen reserves depleted. Ketones also convert to acetyl-CoA faster than fatty acids. [15] [16] After the ketones convert to acetyl-CoA in a process known as ketolysis, it enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP by oxidative ...
C 2 H 6 O (ethanol) is converted to C 2 H 4 O (acetaldehyde), then to C 2 H 4 O 2 (acetic acid), then to acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it is free to enter directly into the citric acid cycle (TCA) and is converted to 2 CO 2 molecules in 8 reactions. The equations: C 2 H 6 O(ethanol) + NAD + → C 2 H 4 O(acetaldehyde) + NADH + H +
Fats are broken down by conversion to acyl-CoA. This conversion is one response to high energy demands such as exercise. [1] The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. [2] Fatty acids are converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl ...
Pyruvate decarboxylation is the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and is regulated by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex when blood glucose levels are high. [9] Otherwise, fatty acid β-oxidation occurs, and acetyl-CoA is required to generate ATP through the Krebs cycle. [10]