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All citizens of Haiti, regardless of skin color, to be known as "Black" (this was an attempt to eliminate the multi-tiered racial hierarchy that had developed in Haiti, with full or near full-blooded Europeans at the top, various levels of light to brown skin in the middle, and dark skinned "Kongo" from Africa at the bottom).
Loring D. Dewey of the American Colonization Society (ACS) had been an advocate of former slave migration from the United States to Haiti, as opposed to the more common ACS strategy of repatriating black Americans to Liberia. From September 1824, nearly 6,000 Americans, mainly free blacks, emigrated to Haiti in the space of a year.
The Haitian emigration project ran against the wishes of the American Colonization Society, which attempted to remove free blacks as far as Africa and dreaded the idea of strengthening the black state of Haiti. Several thousand blacks departed towards Haiti in the summer of 1824 and the flow continued until 1826 when the Haitian government ...
As part of the French Empire, nationality in Saint-Domingue, now the Republic of Haiti, was based on a mixture of economics and race, combining white planter elite, black slaves, and free black planters. [1] Haiti was unusual, as it was the only slave society in the Americas with a significant population of free black planters. [2]
Dessalines declared Haiti to be an all-black nation and forbade whites from ever owning property or land there. The generals who served under Dessalines during the Haitian Revolution became the new planter class of Haiti. In order to slow the economic collapse of Haiti, Dessalines enforced a harsh regimen of plantation labor on newly freed slaves.
The colony was not only the most profitable possession of the French colonial empire, but it was the wealthiest and most prosperous colony in the Caribbean. [17] The colony's white population numbered 40,000; mulattoes and free blacks, 28,000; and black slaves, an estimated 452,000. [34]
With this declaration, Haiti became the first independent Black nation in the Western Hemisphere. [12] [13] Jean-Jacques Dessalines became the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. He was Governor-General of Haiti from January 1st, 1804, to September 2nd, 1804, and Emperor of Haiti from September 2nd, 1804, to October ...
Adams sent Stevens to Haiti with instructions to establish a relationship with Louverture, the de facto ruler of the colony, and express support for his regime. [10] The Federalist Adams administration hoped to encourage the colony's independence, but Louverture maintained a colonial relationship with France. [11]