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Solar-cell efficiency is the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system , in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.
These mounting systems generally enable retrofitting of solar panels on roofs or as part of the structure of the building (called BIPV). [2] As the relative costs of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules has dropped, [3] the costs of the racks have become more important and for small PV systems can be the most expensive material cost. [4]
CIS and CGS solar cells offer total area efficiencies of 15.0% and 9.5%, [33] respectively. In 2015, the gap with the other thin film technologies has been closed, with record cell efficiencies in laboratories of 21.5% for CdTe (FirstSolar) and 21.7% for CIGS (ZSW). (See also NREL best research cell efficiency chart. [34])
The favorable values in the table below justify the choice of materials typically used for multi-junction solar cells: InGaP for the top sub-cell (E g = 1.8–1.9 eV), InGaAs for the middle sub-cell (E g = 1.4 eV), and Germanium for the bottom sub-cell (E g = 0.67 eV). The use of Ge is mainly due to its lattice constant, robustness, low cost ...
For the past years, researchers have been trying to reduce the price of solar cells while maximizing efficiency. Thin-film solar cell is a cost-effective second generation solar cell with much reduced thickness at the expense of light absorption efficiency. Efforts to maximize light absorption efficiency with reduced thickness have been made.
Despite initial challenges with efficient light conversion, especially among third-generation PV materials, as of 2023 some thin-film solar cells have reached efficiencies of up to 29.1% for single-junction thin-film GaAs cells, exceeding the maximum of 26.1% efficiency for standard single-junction first-generation solar cells.