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Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
Caffeine, found in tea and coffee, acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Adenosine receptors are involved in mood regulation among other functions, with its antagonists linked to general anxiogenic effects, and specific receptors, such as the A 2A receptor disorders.
Adenosine is a normal neuromodulator that activates adenosine g-protein coupled receptors. The actions of A 1 and A 2A receptors oppose each other but are both inhibited by caffeine due to its function as an antagonist. [8] A 2A receptors are coupled to G s proteins which activate adenylate cyclase and some voltage gated Ca 2+ channels.
The stimulant and adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine is widely used to increase alertness or wakefulness and improve mood or performance. People typically self-administer it in the form of drinks like green tea (where it is present alongside the l-theanine ), energy drinks (often containing sugar / sugar-substitutes ), or coffee (which ...
Moderate physical dependence often arises from prolonged long-term caffeine use. [4] In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A 1 and A 2A. [5] Adenosine is a by-product of cellular activity: the stimulation of adenosine receptors produces feelings of tiredness and a drive for sleep.
The A 1 receptors couple to G i/o and decrease cAMP levels, while the A 2 adenosine receptors couple to G s, which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, A 1 receptors couple to G o , which has been reported to mediate adenosine inhibition of Ca 2+ conductance, whereas A 2B and A 3 receptors also couple to G q and stimulate ...
The activation of the adenosine A1 receptor is required for osteoclast differentiation and function, whereas the activation of the adenosine A2A receptor inhibits osteoclast function. The other three adenosine receptors are involved in bone formation. [48]
Adenosinergic means "working on adenosine". An adenosinergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the adenosine system in the body or brain. Examples include adenosine receptor agonists, adenosine receptor antagonists (such as caffeine), and adenosine reuptake inhibitors.