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In enzymology, a fumarate reductase (NADH) (EC 1.3.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction succinate + NAD + ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } fumarate + NADH + H + Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are succinate and NAD + , whereas its three products are fumarate , NADH , and H + .
Both NAD + and NADH strongly absorb ultraviolet light because of the adenine. For example, peak absorption of NAD + is at a wavelength of 259 nanometers (nm), with an extinction coefficient of 16,900 M −1 cm −1. NADH also absorbs at higher wavelengths, with a second peak in UV absorption at 339 nm with an extinction coefficient of 6,220 M ...
Many flavoproteins are known: components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. FAD can exist in four redox states, which are the flavin-N(5)-oxide, quinone, semiquinone, and hydroquinone. [1]
The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism used in skeletal muscle and the brain [1] that regenerates NAD + from NADH, a by-product of glycolysis. NADH is a reducing equivalent that stores electrons generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. NADH must be transported into the mitochondria to enter the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.
Bacteria can use several different electron donors. When organic matter is the electron source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to Complex I in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to Complex II).
The NADH generated in the citric acid cycle may later be oxidized (donate its electrons) to drive ATP synthesis in a type of process called oxidative phosphorylation. [6] FADH 2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase , an enzyme which functions both in the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative ...
Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, [6] while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs. These ATP yields are ...
The mitochondrial shuttles are biochemical transport systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH 2] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transport chain.