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[13] [2] The discharge is usually white or slightly gray, and may have a musty smell. [13] [2] The normal discharge of pregnancy does not contain blood or cause itching. [13] The pH of the vaginal discharge in pregnancy tends to be more acidic than normal due to increased production of lactic acid. [13]
Lochia discharge typically continues for four to eight weeks after childbirth, [2] a time known as the postpartum period or puerperium. A 2016 review ties this "lochial period" to worldwide customs of postpartum confinement , a time for the new mother and baby to bond.
The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages; the initial or acute phase, 8–19 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can last up to six months. [5] In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem.
[2] Other foods or substances are not recommended postpartum if breastfeeding because they may have effects on the baby via breastmilk. Some clinicians discourage the use of caffeine. This could produce fussiness in the baby. Alcohol use is strongly discouraged. Consuming fish is healthy and provides vitamins, minerals and proteins.
The term postterm pregnancy is used to describe a condition in which a woman has not yet delivered her baby after 42 weeks of gestation, two weeks beyond the usual 40-week duration of pregnancy. [150] Postmature births carry risks for both the mother and the baby, including meconium aspiration syndrome, fetal malnutrition, and stillbirths. [151]
Ultrasound either abdominal or transvaginal to assess cervix, placenta, fluid and baby [18] Amniocentesis is the national standard for women over 35 or who reach 35 by mid pregnancy or who are at increased risk by family history or prior birth history. [16]
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In 2015, about 11.8 million maternal infections occurred. [3] In the developed world about 1% to 2% develop uterine infections following vaginal delivery. [1] This increases to 5% to 13% among those who have more difficult deliveries and 50% with C-sections before the use of preventive antibiotics. [1]