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Theoretical thermal water splitting efficiencies. [11]60% efficient at 1000°C Steam reforming of hydrocarbons to hydrogen is 70-85% efficient [12]. High temperature electrolysis is more efficient economically than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and also because the electrolysis reaction is more ...
Electrolysis of water at 298 K (25 °C) requires 285.83 kJ of energy per mole in order to occur, [6] and the reaction is increasingly endothermic with increasing temperature. However, the energy demand may be reduced due to the Joule heating of an electrolysis cell, which may be utilized in the water splitting process at high temperatures.
Solid oxide fuel cell operates at high temperatures with high fuel-to-electricity conversion ratios and it is a good candidate for high temperature electrolysis. [7] Less electricity is required for electrolysis process in solid oxide regenerative fuel cells (SORFC) due to high temperature.
A solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC) is a solid oxide fuel cell set in regenerative mode for the electrolysis of water with a solid oxide, or ceramic, electrolyte to produce oxygen and hydrogen gas. [53] SOECs can also be used to do electrolysis of CO 2 to produce CO and oxygen [54] or even co-electrolysis of water and CO 2 to produce syngas ...
No water management for humidification of the membrane is needed compared to LT-PEM fuel cell. [9] Waste heat of the stack (130 to 180 °C) can be used making combined heat and power (CHP) possible for further usage of the heat in contrast to LT-PEM fuel cell which has too low waste heat temperature below 80 °C. [10]
At the very high temperature of 3,000 °C (3,270 K; 5,430 °F) more than half of the water molecules are decomposed. At ambient temperatures only one molecule in 100 trillion dissociates by the effect of heat. [15] The high temperature requirements and material constraints have limited the applications of the thermal decomposition approach.
Pure water has a charge carrier density similar to semiconductors [12] [page needed] since it has a low autoionization, K w = 1.0×10 −14 at room temperature and thus pure water conducts current poorly, 0.055 μS/cm. [13] Unless a large potential is applied to increase the autoionization of water, electrolysis of pure water proceeds slowly ...
Diathermic oil can be used to store heat at relatively low temperature (for instance, 180°C) and exploited for water evaporation. [11] Alternatively, phase-change materials characterized by high fusion points can be used to store heat at high temperature and enable the endothermic operation in the electrolysis mode. In this case, usually ...