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Myxoedema is responsible for the thickening of the tongue and the laryngeal and pharyngeal mucous membranes, which results in thick slurred speech and hoarseness, both of which are seen commonly in hypothyroidism. [citation needed] The increased deposition of glycosaminoglycan is not fully understood, however, two mechanisms predominate:
The tongue may show a diffuse, smooth generalized enlargement. [3] The face may show maxillary hypoplasia causing relative mandibular prognathism. Apparent macroglossia can also occur in Down syndrome. [8] The tongue has a papillary, fissured surface. [3] Macroglossia may be a sign of hypothyroid disorders.
Radiation treatment of the thyroid. Certain medications. Disorders of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. ... Hypothyroidism is treated with a thyroid replacement medication called levothyroxine ...
During the third week of development, the thyroid gland begins to develop from the floor of the pharynx. This primordium begins as an evagination between the first and second pharyngeal grooves, relatively where the anterior two-thirds of the tongue ends. [4] This area is known as the foramen cecum and marks the origin of the thyroglossal duct ...
[8] [50] Subclinical hypothyroidism is estimated to affect approximately 2% of children; in adults, subclinical hypothyroidism is more common in the elderly, and in White people. [49] There is a much higher rate of thyroid disorders, the most common of which is hypothyroidism, in individuals with Down syndrome [30] [62] and Turner syndrome. [30]
[1]: 808 Cartilaginous (chondroid), [2] and glial choristomas may also very rarely occur on the tongue. [3] Lingual thyroid; Cleft tongue (bifid tongue) - completely cleft tongue is a rare condition caused by a failure of the lateral lingual swellings to merge. [4] More common is an incompletely cleft tongue, appearing as midline fissure.