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Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine , bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action.
"Anti-cholinergic" side-effects, including urinary hesitancy/retention, may be treated/reversed with bethanechol and/or other acetylcholine-agonists. [48] [49] [50] Bethanechol may also be able to alleviate the sexual-dysfunction symptoms which may occur in the context of tricyclic-antidepressant treatment. [51] [52] [53]
A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug [1] or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, [2] is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS).
Bethanechol +++--Used in bladder and gastrointestinal hypotonia. Muscarine +++--Natural alkaloid found in certain mushrooms. Cause of one form of mushroom poisoning Nicotine-+++-Natural alkaloid found in the tobacco plant. Pilocarpine ++--Used in glaucoma. Oxotremorine ++ + [12]-Used in research to induce symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist.It is included in the therapy for underactive bladder with poor contraction of detrusor muscle. [2] Since contraction of detrusor muscle in the bladder is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system, Bethanechol can bind to muscarinic receptors to stimulate activation of the parasympathetic nervous system and restore contraction of detrusor muscle.
The toxic effects of preformed vitamin A might be related to altered vitamin D metabolism, concurrent ingestion of substantial amounts of vitamin D, or binding of vitamin A to receptor heterodimers. Antagonistic and synergistic interactions between these two vitamins have been reported, as they relate to skeletal health.
Side effects in dogs and cats include hypersalivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and vomiting. [12] [16] Eight percent of dogs taking maropitant at doses meant to prevent motion sickness vomited right after, likely due to the local effects maropitant had on the gastrointestinal tract. Small amounts of food beforehand can prevent such post ...
Degenerative joint disease is common in older dogs and is one of the most likely reasons for prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Hereditary orthopedic diseases are mainly found in purebred dogs. Hip dysplasia is a common problem that primarily affects larger breeds. Hip dysplasia is a defect in the shape of the hip joint ...