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Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) or orthognathic surgery, also sometimes called bimaxillary advancement (Bi-Max), or maxillomandibular osteotomy (MMO), is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery which moves the upper jaw and the lower jaw forward.
Orthognathic surgery is performed by maxillofacial or an oral surgeon or a plastic surgeon in collaboration with an orthodontist. It often includes braces before and after surgery, and retainers after the final removal of braces. Orthognathic surgery is often needed after reconstruction of cleft palate or other major craniofacial anomalies ...
Mandibular setback surgery is a surgical procedure performed along the occlusal plane to prevent bite opening on the anterior or posterior teeth and retract the lower jaw for both functional and aesthetic effects in patients with mandibular prognathism. [1] [2] It is an orthodontic surgery that is a form of reconstructive plastic surgery. [3]
Adverse effects of this approach also include pain, nerve damage, and loss of sensation due to the location of the inferior alveolar nerve. Anti-inflammatory medication can be used to slow the resorption process. Arthrocentesis, and arthroscopic surgery are also sometimes used to treat disc displacement and other symptoms. [2]
Doctors usually suggest surgery to alleviate incontinence only after other treatments have been tried. Many surgical options have high rates of success. Less-invasive variants of the sling operation have been shown to be equally effective in treating stress incontinence as surgical sling operations. [15] One such surgery is urethropexy.
None of the included studies reported long term follow up after 3, 6 or 12 months post procedure. [9] In another review of 889 patients across 23 studies, a pooled improvement rate in measures of incontinence was 39.5%. [8] In some cases there is no improvement after the procedure, and the injections are repeated in up to 34% of cases. [8]
Like frequency, the person can track incontinence in a diary to assist with diagnosis and management of symptoms. Urge incontinence can also be measured with pad tests, and these are often used for research purposes. Some people with urge incontinence also have stress incontinence and this can complicate clinical studies. [1]
Hugo Obwegeser (21 October 1920 – 2 September 2017) was an Austrian Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgeon and Plastic Surgeon who is known as the father of the modern orthognathic surgery. In his publication of 1970, he was the first surgeon to describe the simultaneous procedure which involved surgeries of both Maxilla and Mandible involving Le ...