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Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and nectar ; they may also ...
Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. [1] Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as are many plants in the order Poales , including grasses , sedges , and rushes . [ 1 ]
The process of allogamy involves two types of external pollinating agents, known as abiotic agents and biotic agents. The abiotic agents are water and wind. The biotic agents are insects and animals, which include bees, butterflies, snails, and birds. Wind pollination is referred to as anemophily, and water pollination is referred to as ...
This probably arose from insect pollination (entomophily), most likely due to changes in the environment or the availability of pollinators. [37] [38] [39] The transfer of pollen is more efficient than previously thought; wind pollinated plants have developed to have specific heights, in addition to specific floral, stamen and stigma positions ...
Insects may visit them to collect pollen; in some cases, these are ineffective pollinators and exert little natural selection on the flowers, but there are also examples of ambophilous flowers which are both wind and insect pollinated. Anemophilous, or wind pollinated flowers, are usually small and inconspicuous, and do not possess a scent or ...
Flower constancy favors flower pollination, that is, pollinators that are flower constant are more likely to transfer pollen to other conspecific plants. [8] Also, flower constancy prevents the loss of pollen during interspecific flights and pollinators from clogging stigmas with pollen of other flower species. [2]
Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. [1]: 8 Floral biology is a bigger field that includes these studies. Most flowering plants, or angiosperms, are pollinated by animals, and especially by insects. [2]
A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in Salix). It contains many, usually unisexual flowers, arranged closely along a central stem that is often drooping.