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  2. Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeric_precision_in...

    Excel's storage of numbers in binary format also affects its accuracy. [3] To illustrate, the lower figure tabulates the simple addition 1 + x − 1 for several values of x. All the values of x begin at the 15 th decimal, so Excel must take them into account. Before calculating the sum 1 + x, Excel first approximates x as a binary number

  3. Circular error probable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable

    The relation between and are given by the following table, where the values for DRMS and 2DRMS (twice the distance root mean square) are specific to the Rayleigh distribution and are found numerically, while the CEP, R95 (95% radius) and R99.7 (99.7% radius) values are defined based on the 68–95–99.7 rule

  4. Quantile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile

    The area below the red curve is the same in the intervals (−∞,Q 1), (Q 1,Q 2), (Q 2,Q 3), and (Q 3,+∞). In statistics and probability , quantiles are cut points dividing the range of a probability distribution into continuous intervals with equal probabilities, or dividing the observations in a sample in the same way.

  5. Percentage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage

    In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial amount was p, the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x)(1 − 0.01 x) = p (1 − (0.01 x) 2); hence the net change is an overall decrease by x percent of x percent (the square of the original percent change when expressed as a decimal number).

  6. Quantile function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_function

    It is also called the percentile function (after the percentile), percent-point function, inverse cumulative distribution function (after the cumulative distribution function or c.d.f.) or inverse distribution function.

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  8. Exponential decay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay

    A quantity undergoing exponential decay. Larger decay constants make the quantity vanish much more rapidly. This plot shows decay for decay constant (λ) of 25, 5, 1, 1/5, and 1/25 for x from 0 to 5. A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.

  9. Percentile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile

    In statistics, a k-th percentile, also known as percentile score or centile, is a score below which a given percentage k of scores in its frequency distribution falls ("exclusive" definition) or a score at or below which a given percentage falls ("inclusive" definition); i.e. a score in the k-th percentile would be above approximately k% of all scores in its set.