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Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. [2] [5] Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. [1] Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas. [1]
Wherever possible, this article generally follows the definitions and terminology of the 2018 consensus statement, [note 2] wherein ODS is defined as "a subset of functional constipation in which patients report symptoms of incomplete rectal emptying with or without an actual reduction in the number of bowel movements per week."
Sigmoid colon volvulus, also known as sigmoid volvulus, is volvulus affecting the sigmoid colon.It is a common cause of bowel obstruction [1] and constipation.It is common in Asia, India (7% of intestinal obstruction) and especially South India because of the high fibre diet.
Strictures are often treated observantly; they may heal spontaneously over 12–24 months. If a bowel obstruction develops as a result of the stricture, surgical resection is the usual treatment, [36] although endoscopic dilatation and stenting have also been employed. [37] [38]
The signs and symptoms are variable, and in up to 25% of patients there may be no symptoms. [3] The most common signs and symptoms are bleeding, which can vary from minor to severe, rectal prolapse and incomplete evacuation (35%-76% of cases). [4]
Volvulus causes severe pain and progressive injury to the intestinal wall, with accumulation of gas and fluid in the portion of the bowel obstructed. [11] Ultimately, this can result in necrosis of the affected intestinal wall, acidosis, and death. This is known as a closed-loop obstruction because there exists an isolated ("closed") loop of bowel.