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Largely based on the writings of Karl Marx, conflict criminology holds that crime in capitalist societies cannot be adequately understood without a recognition that such societies are dominated by a wealthy elite whose continuing dominance requires the economic exploitation of others, and that the ideas, institutions and practices of such societies are designed and managed in order to ensure ...
Sociologist Jack Katz is recognized by many as being a foundational figure to this approach [4] through his seminal work, Seductions of Crime, written in 1988. [5] Cultural criminology as a substantive approach, however, did not begin to form until the mid-1990s, [6] where increasing interest arose from the desire to incorporate cultural studies into contemporary criminology.
Cultural conflicts are difficult to resolve as parties to the conflict have different beliefs. [3] Cultural conflicts intensify when those differences become reflected in politics, particularly on a macro level. [3] An example of cultural conflict is the debate over abortion. [3] Ethnic cleansing is another extreme example of cultural conflict. [4]
Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and sociology which argue that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power structures, social movements, and social arrangements within a society.
In criminology, subcultural theory emerged from the work of the Chicago School on gangs and developed through the symbolic interactionism school into a set of theories arguing that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence.
Albert Cohen was a student of Talcott Parsons [4] and wrote a Ph.D. under his inspiration. Parsons and Cohen continued to correspond also after Cohen left Harvard. In his 1955 work, Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang, [5] Cohen wrote about delinquent gangs and suggested in his theoretical discussion how such gangs attempted to "replace" society's common norms and values with their own ...
In other words, Merton believes that the American Dream is a cultural ideal, but the ways in which people go about obtaining it are not the same. This can lead to a considerable amount of deviance (in the Parsonian sense). This theory is commonly used in the study of criminology (specifically the strain theory).
He applied both Marxism and Conflict Theory to an examination of the cultural diversity of modern industrial society. In a homogeneous society, norms or codes of behavior will emerge and become laws where enforcement is necessary to preserve the unitary culture.