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Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]
Cosequin comes in formulas specific for cats, dogs and horses. [2] According to the manufacturer Cosequin may be useful for pets with osteoarthritis (OA), but the efficacy is disputed. [3] Glucosamine is used in equine medicine, but little evidence indicates that it has any value in the treatment of joint disease in horses. [4]
Chemical structure of one unit in a chondroitin sulfate chain. Chondroitin-4-sulfate: R 1 = H; R 2 = SO 3 H; R 3 = H. Chondroitin-6-sulfate: R 1 = SO 3 H; R 2, R 3 = H.. Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) [1] composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).
Related: Benadryl for Dogs: Side Effects of Long-Term Use. Signs of Benadryl Overdose in Dogs. At normal doses, Benadryl is quite safe, but a survey of over 600 dogs (1) found the following signs ...
Glucosamine (C 6 H 13 NO 5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of two polysaccharides, chitosan and chitin. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant monosaccharides. [2]
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are nutraceuticals that can also be added into the diet to help treat osteoarthritis caused by hip dysplasia. Both nutraceuticals help with improvement of cartilage, joint health and repairing of tissues. A glucosamine-based nutritional supplement may give the body additional raw materials used in joint repair.