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The exocrine pancreas is one of two compartments that include digestive-acting acinar cells and duct cells.They represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus. [1] These cells are commonly known as duct cells, and secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. They also secrete ...
Acinar exocrine glands are found in many organs, including: the stomach [1] the sebaceous gland of the scalp; the salivary glands of the tongue [2] the liver; the lacrimal glands; the mammary glands; the pancreas [3] the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
Endocardial cushions, or atrioventricular cushions, refer to a subset of cells in the development of the heart that play a vital role in the proper formation of the heart septa. They develop on the atrioventricular canal [2] and conotruncal region of the bulbus cordis. [3] During heart development, the heart starts out as a tube. As heart ...
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are required for neural crest cell migration into the cardiac cushions (precursors to heart valves and septa) and for differentiation of neural crest cells to smooth muscle cells of the aortic arch arteries. In neural crest–specific Alk2-deficient embryos, the cardiac cushions of the outflow tract are ...
Cardiac muscle (also called heart muscle or myocardium) is one of three types of vertebrate muscle tissues, the others being skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the wall of the heart .
The heart derives from embryonic mesodermal germ layer cells that differentiate after gastrulation into mesothelium, endothelium, and myocardium.Heart induction occurs in the anterior mesoderm during gastrulation through interactions with adjacent endoderm (both extra-embryonic and definitive) mediated primarily by endogenous inhibitors of WNT signaling such as DKK1.
These cells can differentiate into endocardium which lines the heart chamber and valves and the myocardium which forms the musculature of the ventricles and the atria. The heart cells are specified in anterior mesoderm by proteins such as Dickkopf-related protein 1, Nodal homolog, and Cerberus secreted by the anterior endoderm. Whether Dickkopf ...
The conduction system consists of specialized heart muscle cells, situated within the myocardium. [3] There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that surrounds the conduction system which can be seen on an ECG. Dysfunction of the conduction system can cause irregular heart rhythms including rhythms that are too fast or too slow.