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Bioidentical hormones were first used for menopausal symptom relief in the 1930s, [2] after Canadian researcher James Collip developed a method to extract an orally active estrogen from the urine of pregnant women and marketed it as the active agent in a product called Emmenin. [3]
Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [11] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
It is the most commonly used form of estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy in the United States. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] However, it has begun to fall out of favor relative to bioidentical estradiol , which is the most widely used form of estrogen in Europe for menopausal hormone therapy.
Testosterone cypionate, sold under the brand name Depo-Testosterone among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men, [2] [3] [4] including hormone therapy for transgender men.
Estrogen is the predominant sex hormone that slows bone loss (even in men). Both estrogen and testosterone help stimulate bone formation (T, especially at puberty). Testosterone may cause an increase in cortical bone thickness in transgender men (however this does not necessarily translate to a greater mechanical stability).
The most common of these complications is infection, which occurs at a rate of 10.5% of abdominal hysterectomy, 13% of vaginal hysterectomy and 9% of laparoscopic hysterectomy. [11] There is also a low risk of long-term complications, which can include chronic pain, sexual dysfunction and bowel dysfunction.
[151] [153] In addition to breast cancer risk, estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestogen therapy are associated with higher breast cancer mortality. [154] With 20 years of use, breast cancer incidence is about 1.5-fold higher with estrogen alone and about 2.5-fold higher with estrogen plus progestogen therapy relative to non-use. [151]
[7] [4] [1] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of testosterone. [11] Testosterone propionate was discovered in 1936 and was introduced for medical use in 1937. [12] [4] It was the first testosterone ester to be marketed, and was the major form of testosterone used in medicine until about 1960.