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The persons making the comments may be otherwise well-intentioned and unaware of the potential impact of their words. [6] A number of scholars and social commentators have criticized the concept of microaggression for its lack of a scientific basis, over-reliance on subjective evidence, and promotion of psychological fragility. [7]
In relation to other negative emotions such as anger or guilt, hurt is more often linked to interpersonal interaction. [3] Interactions are adversely affected by hurtful communication. [5] Hurtful communication negatively affects trust within a relationship resulting in more defensive behavior by both parties. [6]
The latter accounts for differences in the strength of negative communication. [5] It argues that positive (i.e. information about parties and candidates) and derogatory (i.e. democratic disaffection) effects of negative campaigning will depend on the strength or intensity of negative campaigning.
It is an instance where either the speaker is unable to provide the proper and adequate information to the hearer or the hearer misperceived and couldn't recognise the communication from the speaker. The cases of miscommunication vary depending on the situation and persons included in it, but often result in confusion and frustration.
The communication scholar Timothy Coombs defines crisis as "the perception of an unpredictable event that threatens important expectancies of stakeholders and can seriously impact an organization's performance and generate negative outcomes" [4] and crisis communication as "the collection, processing, and dissemination of information required ...
Personal communication mediums such as text-messaging would result in a casual self-presentation where the user shortens words, includes emojis and selfies and uses less academic language. Another example of impression management theory in play is present in today's world of social media.
The negativity bias, [1] also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitive bias that, even when positive or neutral things of equal intensity occur, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than neutral or positive things.
Pseudo-listening is most common in face-to-face communication, but it can also be expressed through phone calls, text messages and e-mails. [12] Effective listening is critical in human communication to build trust and understanding, whereas pseudolistening often results in relational breakdowns due to perceived disinterest or disengagement. [ 13 ]