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Upstream and downstream (DNA), determining relative positions on DNA; Upstream and downstream (transduction) determining temporal and mechanistic order of cellular and molecular events of signal transduction
An upstream price is the price of one of the main inputs of production (for processing/manufacturing etc.) or a price quoted on higher market levels (e.g. wholesale markets). Upstream prices are the prices paid by producers (as opposed to consumers ), and are directly related to the cost of production .
[15] [16] [17] A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of firms who move materials "forward", [18] or a set of organizations, directly linked by one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer. Supply chain management is the management of such a chain.
Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1] Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different factors affect which ligands bind to which receptors and the downstream cellular response that they initiate.
The midstream operations are often taken to include some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may include natural gas processing plants that purify the raw natural gas as well as removing and producing elemental sulfur and natural gas liquids (NGL) as finished end-products.
The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream (also called exploration and production or E&P), midstream and downstream. [1] [2] The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas ...
An arch dam is a concrete dam that is curved upstream in plan. [1] The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure , presses against the arch, causing the arch to straighten slightly and strengthening the structure as it pushes into its foundation or abutments.
When considering double-stranded DNA, upstream is toward the 5' end of the coding strand for the gene in question and downstream is toward the 3' end. Due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA, this means the 3' end of the template strand is upstream of the gene and the 5' end is downstream.