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Chloroquine retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are sometimes used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This eye toxicity limits long-term use of the drugs. [3]
Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate. [3] Common side effects may include vomiting, headache, blurred vision, and muscle weakness. [3] Severe side effects may include allergic reactions, retinopathy, and irregular heart rate.
Serious side effects include problems with vision, muscle damage, seizures, and low blood cell levels. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Chloroquine is a member of the drug class 4-aminoquinoline . [ 1 ] As an antimalarial, it works against the asexual form of the malaria parasite in the stage of its life cycle within the red blood cell . [ 1 ]
It should be administered in a 7-day course with 4 mg/kg given per day for three days, followed by 1.6 mg/kg for three days. Side effects of the drug are few but include potential neurotoxicity developing if high doses are given. [citation needed] Artesunate is a hemisuccinate derivative of the active metabolite dihydroartemisin.
Due to the risk of rare but serious side effects, it is not generally recommended to prevent malaria. [2] Though, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013 recommended use for seasonal preventive in children at high risk in combination with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. [4] Amodiaquine is a 4-aminoquinoline compound related to chloroquine. [2]
Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States. [13] Hydroxychloroquine is used as a prophylactic in India. [24] [25] Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have numerous, potentially serious, side effects, such as retinopathy, hypoglycemia, or life-threatening arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. [26]
In this case, both the therapeutic and toxic targets are the same. To avoid toxicity during treatment, many times the drug needs to be changed to target a different aspect of the illness or symptoms. Statins are an example of a drug class that can have toxic effects at the therapeutic target (HMG CoA reductase). [1]
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and a rash. [4] Severe side effects requiring hospitalization are rare, [11] but include mental health problems such as depression, hallucinations, anxiety and neurological side effects such as poor balance, seizures, and ringing in the ears. [4]