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The primary fungus is N. faginata, though N. ditissima is very important in some areas. [1] These fungi infect the tree through the wounds caused by the beech scale insect and then begin to produce spores. Spores are contained in perithecia, which are red, lemon-shaped fruiting bodies that form in clusters on the bark.
The fungus often forms a black coating layer on tree bark and leaves. However, this does not seem to harm the plants by blocking the lenticels or significantly reduce their growth rates. Deciduous species also develop new leaves annually, rendering it less important when older leaves are covered by the growths.
Aleurodiscus oakesii is a cluster of small, gray-white, irregular cup-shaped saprotrophic fungi that grows on decaying hardwood tree bark. This fungus may also be called hophornbeam discs, [1] and it causes smooth patch disease. A. oakesii is found year round in North America, Europe, and Asia and is commonly found on oak trees.
The fungus is thought to clog up a tree’s vascular system, depriving it of water and nutrients. At first, the fungus grows stealthily, undetected, underneath a tree’s bark. Eventually, the ...
It can grow on the bark wound, or even directly onto the bark of older or dead trees. [11] The decayed wood shows black lines in the lightly coloured decayed areas; these are known as pseudosclerotic layers or demarcation lines. [13] The lines are caused by enzymes called phenoloxidases, converting either fungus or plant matter into melanin.
The fungus can infect seedlings and typically colonizes under the bark of the trees. [1] Since the fungus infects under the bark, the signs of the pathogen aren't visible until the bark sheds off in response to the physical pressure imposed by the growthing pathogen; this typically happens in the transition between spring and summer. [ 1 ]