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The other elimination pathways are less important in the elimination of drugs, except in very specific cases, such as the respiratory tract for alcohol or anaesthetic gases. The case of mother's milk is of special importance. The liver and kidneys of newly born infants are relatively undeveloped and they are highly sensitive to a drug's toxic ...
When urine is made alkaline, elimination of acidic drugs in the urine is increased. The converse applies for alkaline drugs. The converse applies for alkaline drugs. This method is only of therapeutic significance where the drug is excreted in active form in urine and where the pH of urine can be adjusted to levels above or below the pK value ...
Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, interactions with drugs, compounds and pigments or dyes found in food, or diseases. [8] Normally, urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber, but is usually a pale yellow. [ 8 ]
In terms of metabolism, methenamine is hydrolyzed to form formaldehyde and ammonium in acidic urine (pH < 6). [2] [3] [9] More specifically, a single molecule of methenamine decomposes into six equivalents of formaldehyde and four ammonia molecules. [45] [11] The drug may be degraded 10 to 30% in the acidic environment of the stomach prior to ...
The drug is eliminated mainly in urine. [6] It is excreted 62 to 85% unchanged in urine. [6] [6] The elimination half-life of phentermine is 20 to 25 hours. [6] [5] The elimination of phentermine is modified by urine acidicity or pH. [6] [5] In the case of acidic urine (pH < 5), the elimination half-life of phentermine has been found to be 7 to ...
There are three main sites where drug excretion occurs. The kidney is the most important site and it is where products are excreted through urine. Biliary excretion or fecal excretion is the process that initiates in the liver and passes through to the gut until the products are finally excreted along with waste products or feces.
[1] [11] Its urinary excretion is highly influenced by urinary pH and is decreased when the urine is acidic and is increased when it is alkaline. [1] [11] [58] The elimination half-life of pseudoephedrine on average is 5.4 hours [2] and ranges from 3 to 16 hours depending on urinary pH.
The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions such as:- Maintain volume of extracellular fluid; Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid; Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.