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An industrial furnace, also known as a direct heater or a direct fired heater, is a device used to provide heat for an industrial process, typically higher than 400 degrees Celsius. [1] They are used to provide heat for a process or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction.
A hopper; An auger system; Two blower fans: combustion and convection; A firebox: burn pot and ash collection system, sometimes lined with ceramic fiber panels; Various safety features (vacuum switch, heat sensors) A controller; To properly function, a pellet stove uses electricity and can be connected to a standard electrical outlet.
Operating a vacuum heat treating furnace, c. 1959–1962. A vacuum furnace is a type of furnace in which the product in the furnace is surrounded by a vacuum during processing. The absence of air or other gases prevents oxidation, heat loss from the product through convection, and removes a source of contamination.
A Schlenk line with four ports. The cold trap is on the right. Close-up view, showing the double-oblique stopcock, which allows vacuum (rear line) or inert gas (front line) to be selected. The Schlenk line (also vacuum gas manifold) is a commonly used chemistry apparatus developed by Wilhelm Schlenk. [1] It consists of a dual manifold with ...
Materials for use in vacuum are materials that show very low rates of outgassing in vacuum and, where applicable, are tolerant to bake-out temperatures. The requirements grow increasingly stringent with the desired degree of vacuum to be achieved in the vacuum chamber. The materials can produce gas by several mechanisms.
This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes. Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics.
The connection nozzle allowing the stored gas to enter the gasholder from the supply gas main. Outlet nozzle For the export of the stored gas, this nozzle comes complete with an anti-vacuum grid to protect the sealing membrane during depressurisation. Depending on the operational process the inlet and outlet nozzles maybe a shared connection.
High-density solids with mineral or carbon content as a mixture from coarse and fine grained material. Maximum particle size 50 mm (1.969 in) Dry solids content up to 80 percent by weight; Energy consumption = approx. 50 Wh (180 kJ) per tonne of conveyed material and per kilometer (280 Btu per long ton or 250 Btu per short ton per mile).