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Confocal microscopy Z projection of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the mouse striatum. The neurons were labeled using the matrisome MSN mouse Gpr101-Cre [8] in combination with a dtTomato (red fluorescent protein) reporter. A 3D projection of the same neurons can be viewed here.
The interneurons found in the stratum lucidum are of two classes, spiny and aspiny. Spiny neurons are a "special type of inhibitory cell", characterized by spiny projections on the dendrites of the cell. The axons of these neurons in the hippocampus terminate primarily in the stratum lucidum and stratum radiatum of CA3.
The mesolimbic pathway and a specific set of the pathway's output neurons (e.g. D1-type medium spiny neurons within the nucleus accumbens) play a central role in the neurobiology of addiction. [20] [21] [22] Drug addiction is an illness caused by habitual substance use that induces chemical changes in the brain's circuitry. [23]
Projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. In human neuroanatomy, bundles of axons (nerve fibers) called nerve tracts , within the brain, can be categorized by their function into association tracts , projection tracts , and commissural tracts .
Location: Layer V of cortex in primary motor cortex: Shape: Multipolar pyramidal -- some of the longest axons in the body. Function: Excitatory projection neuron to spinal cord: Neurotransmitter: Glutamate: Presynaptic connections: Superficial cortical layers, premotor cortex: Postsynaptic connections: Ventral horn of the spinal cord ...
The substantia nigra is located in the ventral midbrain of each hemisphere. It has two distinct parts, the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). The pars compacta contains dopaminergic neurons from the A9 cell group that forms the nigrostriatal pathway that, by supplying dopamine to the striatum, relays information to the basal ganglia.
Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body. Most spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite. The dendrites of a single neuron can contain hundreds to thousands of spines.
Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899.Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. The name granule cell has been used for a number of different types of neurons whose only common feature is that they all have very small cell bodies.