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Macroeconomics encompasses a variety of concepts and variables, but above all the three central macroeconomic variables are output, unemployment, and inflation. [ 5 ] : 39 Besides, the time horizon varies for different types of macroeconomic topics, and this distinction is crucial for many research and policy debates.
A macroeconomic model is an analytical tool designed to describe the operation of the problems of economy of a country or a region. These models are usually designed to examine the comparative statics and dynamics of aggregate quantities such as the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the level of prices.
Conversely, any economic quantity that is negatively correlated with the overall state of the economy is said to be countercyclical. [3] That is, quantities that tend to increase when the overall economy is slowing down are classified as 'countercyclical'. Unemployment is an example of a countercyclical variable. [4]
This contrasts with the short-run, where some factors are variable (dependent on the quantity produced) and others are fixed (paid once), constraining entry or exit from an industry. In macroeconomics , the long-run is the period when the general price level , contractual wage rates, and expectations adjust fully to the state of the economy, in ...
The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic models posit structural parameters. [1] A model may have various exogenous variables, and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables. Methodological uses of models include ...
Macro risk is financial risk that is associated with macroeconomic or political factors. There are at least three different ways this phrase is applied. It can refer to economic or financial risk found in stocks and funds, to political risk found in different countries, and to the impact of economic or financial variables on political risk.
An economic indicator is a statistic about an ... and economic summaries: for example, ... state-level coincident indexes based on 4 state-level variables: [8]
These variables are termed exogenous; the remainder, determined by the model, is called endogenous. The choice of which variables are to be exogenous is called the model closure, and may give rise to controversy. For example, some modelers hold employment and the trade balance fixed; others allow these to vary.