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Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input, typically over a specific period of time. [1]
The productivity of autotrophs, such as plants, is called primary productivity, while the productivity of heterotrophs, such as animals, is called secondary productivity. [ 1 ] The productivity of an ecosystem is influenced by a wide range of factors, including nutrient availability, temperature, and water availability.
Gross primary productivity is the amount of energy the producer actually gets. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Generally, 60% of the energy that enters the producer goes to the producer’s own respiration. [ 12 ] The net primary productivity is the amount that the plant retains after the amount that it used for cellular respiration is subtracted. [ 13 ]
The fraction of that energy that is converted into glucose reflects the gross productivity of the blade of grass. The energy remaining after respiration is considered the net primary production. In general, gross production refers to the energy contained within an organism before respiration and net production the energy after respiration.
A farmer can invest a large amount of money to increase his yields by a few percent, for example with an extremely expensive fertilizer, but if that cost is so high that it does not produce a comparative return on investment, his profits decline, and the higher yield can mean a lower agricultural productivity in this case. A yield is a 'partial ...
This measure of agricultural productivity was established to remedy the shortcomings of the partial measures of productivity; notably that it is often hard to identify the factors cause them to change. Changes in TFP are usually attributed to technological improvements. [3] Agricultural productivity is an important component of food security. [4]
A biologist conducting research in a biotechnology laboratory. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
At present, the practice of cell culture remains based on varying combinations of single or multiple cell structures in 2D. [65] Currently, there is an increase in use of 3D cell cultures in research areas including drug discovery , cancer biology, regenerative medicine , nanomaterials assessment and basic life science research.