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Baum test (also known as the "Tree test" or the "Koch test") is a projective test that is used extensively by psychologists around the world. [1] " Baum " is the German word for tree. It reflects an individual's personality and their underlying emotions by drawing a tree and then analyzing it.
[1] In phylogenetics , an autapomorphy is a distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon. That is, it is found only in one taxon , but not found in any others or outgroup taxa , not even those most closely related to the focal taxon (which may be a species , family or in general any clade). [ 2 ]
The term monophyly, or monophyletic, derives from the two Ancient Greek words μόνος (mónos), meaning "alone, only, unique", and φῦλον (phûlon), meaning "genus, species", [4] [5] and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) consisting of all the descendants of a unique common ancestor.
A clade is by definition monophyletic, meaning that it contains one ancestor which can be an organism, a population, or a species and all its descendants. [note 1] [10] [11] The ancestor can be known or unknown; any and all members of a clade can be extant or extinct.
Willi Hennig 1972 Peter Chalmers Mitchell in 1920 Robert John Tillyard. The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); but the terms "cladistics" and "clade" were popularized by other researchers.
More recently, the question of behavioral homologies has been addressed by philosophers of science such as Marc Ereshefsky, [5] [6] psychologists such as Drew Rendall, [7] and neuroscientists such as Georg Striedter and Glenn Northcutt. [8] It is debatable whether the concept of homology is useful in developmental psychology. [9] [10] [11]
The term paraphyly, or paraphyletic, derives from the two Ancient Greek words παρά (pará), meaning "beside, near", and φῦλον (phûlon), meaning "genus, species", [2] [3] and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups of organisms (e.g., genera, species) are left apart from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor.
An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by morphological or physiological traits, that has given rise to another group that has major differences from the ancestral group's condition, and is thus not considered part of the ancestral group, while still having enough similarities that we can group them under the same clade.